1.概念:過(guò)去發(fā)生或者已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):before, by the end of last year (term, month), etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):had+done.
4.否定形式:had+not+done.
5.一般疑問(wèn)句:had 放于句首。
6.用法:
(1)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中。eg:She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)巴黎。
(2)在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。eg:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean,suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"。
eg:
?、賅e had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái),但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。
②I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我剛打開(kāi)門(mén),他就打了我。(注意:had hardly… when... 剛......就......)
?、跦e had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買(mǎi)了這輛車(chē),轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣(mài)了。(注意:had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……)